This important book chapter by Prof. David Trigger is in Cultural Expertise, Law, and Rights: A Comprehensive Guide, Ed. Livia Holden, Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK. 2023. It sets out the main typology of anthropological expert witnessing in Australia for Indigenous matters, including land claims and cultural defences against criminal prosecution; the ways anthropologists can realistically engage with cultural expertise in Indigenous matters; and the importance of independent investigations rather than advocacy.